Alice Cooper – an Update

In 2018 I created this blog as a challenge to myself to share my genealogical research.  Genealogical research is never ending, and new discoveries are always being made.  This has certainly been the case with my ancestor, Alice Cooper!  Since my original post, I have continued to research her history, and have made several new discoveries.  It seemed appropriate to update my blog with this post about new information I have discovered.   The original post can be found here

First, Alice died in 1946, not 1942 as I first thought.  According to Alice’s death record, she broke her femur in a fall at home, was hospitalized, developed pneumonia, and died.  (If anyone ever says you can’t die from a broken leg, they are wrong!)

My second, and biggest discovery has been information about Alice’s parents.  I wrote away to British Vital Records, and paid for a copy of Alice’s birth information.  No father was listed on the birth registration.  Her mother is listed as Lucy Cooper, and Alice was born in Alton Union Workhouse.  Some research into workhouses in the 1870s was needed!

In the 1830s the Poor Law was passed.  People who had no job or home often went to workhouses where they were fed and housed in return for doing jobs around the workhouse.  Workhouse inmates included abandoned children, the elderly, paupers, and unwed mothers – Lucy Cooper fell into this last category.

I continued my research to try and find out a little bit about Lucy.  With the help of a friend, and the Hampshire Genealogical Society I found two different 1871 census records for “Lucy Cooper” in the Alton area, who were about the right age.  I then worked on both Lucy Cooper families – one the daughter of George and Ann, the other the daughter of Thomas and Sarah.  After extensive investigation, I have come to the conclusion that Thomas and Sarah were Lucy’s parents, and Alice’s grandparents.  Among the circumstantial evidence was the fact that Thomas and Sarah had four children who ended up in the workhouse ; the other family had no children in the workhouse, and it appears their Lucy got married.

I have been using Family Search to further trace this line.  In addition, I have found a DNA match that links into the Cooper line I have created – next step finding the right connecting ancestor!

Genealogical research – it’s never finished!

Danielle – a Compilation of Canadian History

Well, I did it!  At the start of the year I took on the challenge of writing one family history story a month for all of 2018.  Sometimes my enthusiasm gets the better of me, and I wasn’t sure I would be able to maintain the momentum for the entire year, but I did!  (Self congratulatory pat on the back here!)

An interesting component of family history research, is the “history” part – the history of the country and its people.  Since Marc and I both have deep roots in Canada, our daughter, Danielle, is a veritable smorgasbord of Canadian history.

To finish of my year of family history, here’s a brief listing of all Danielle’s connections to Canadian history

1939 – WW2 -Marcel Content Captain with the Regiment de Chateauguay – grandfather

1916 – Gordon Maxwell served with the 9th field ambulance, and the 3rd Canadian Hospital (where he served with John McRae, author of In Flanders Fields) – great grandfather

1887 – Honore Mercier, 9th premier of Quebec  – 4th great uncle

1885 – Louis Riel, hung for treason for his part in the resistance to Canadian encroachment on Metis land, the only hanging for treason in Canada – 6th cousin 4 times removed

1881 – Alice Cooper, British Home Child – 2nd great grandmother

1829 – William Muchmore, worked on the Rideau Canal – 4th great grandfather

1812 – War of 1812 – William Morgan, Captain in the Stormont Militia – 6th great grandfather

1784 – Edward Ryckman, United Empire Loyalist – 5th great grandfather

1776 – William Morgan, Sargeant with the 5th Dragoons during the American Revoluation – 6th great grandfather

1663 – Filles du Roi.  The Filles du Roi arrived in New France between 1663 and 1673.  The young women were recruited to go to New France to marry, and increase the population of the colony.   – 34 direct ancestors ranging from 7th-10th great grandmother

1653 – Marguerite Bourgeoys, founder of the Congregation du Notre Dame order of nuns, and first Canadian female saint (1982) – 10th great aunt

1651 – La Grande Recrue.  In 1651 the governor of Ville Marie (Montreal) recruited 100 men from France to settle in Montreal,  Montreal was founded in 1642, at the western end of New France.  Despite its strategic location its population was very small. – 12 direct ancestors ranging from 8th-10th great grandfather

1634 -The Fille a Marier were recruited between 1634 and 1663.  These young women came to New France for a better life; many were from poor rural families – 35 direct ancestors ranging from 9th-11th great grandmother

1634 – Percheron settlers – One hundred and forty six adults (80 families) were recruited from the Perche region of France to be bricklayers, masons, and carpenters in New France – 27 direct ancestors ranging from 8th-12th great grandparents

1620 – Helene Desportes, first white child to be born in New France and survive – 9th great grandmother

Building the Rideau Canal – William Muchmore, 1797-1853

Tonight I am off to speak at the Irish Special Interest Group of the Toronto Branch of the Ontario Genealogical Society (whew!  that’s a mouthful!) about the building of the Rideau Canal.  One of my ancestors was involved in that event, and so it seems appropriate to post his story today.

The Rideau Canal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2007, recognized as a “masterpiece of creative genius” by UNESCO. Work on the canal was done by thousands, including  160 soldiers from the Royal Sappers and Miners, one of whom was my great-great-great grandfather, William Muchmore.

William was born in Devon, England, and arrived in Canada in 1827, as a private in the 7th company of Royal Sappers and Miners.  Work on the canal was done under deplorable conditions;  many died from malaria and other illnesses.

Willliam worked for two years in the Ottawa area, and was then transferred to Newboro (the Isthmus). The Royal Sappers and Miners were disbanded in 1831 when construction on the canal was complete.  William stayed in the area, and worked as a canal man at Kingston Mills and Chaffey’s Lock.  The Royal Sappers and Miners were entitled to land grants for their work on the canal, and William applied for his land grant in 1835.

Historic plaque in Newboro recognizing the work of the Sappers and Miners.  Photo credit C.Ufford

William was the first inhabitant of the blockhouse at Whitefish Falls (now Morton) built in 1838 to defend the dam in case of attack; he was hired to control the water levels at the dam.  In 1840 William temporarily replaced the lockmaster at Upper Brewer’s Mills, who was suspended for drunkenness.

Whitefish Dam – the blockhouse is on the right.  Image from the Ontario Archives Thomas Burrowes fonds, item reference code C 1-0-0-0-60

William died in 1853.  The following year his wife and family were destitute.  The family had been evicted from the blockhouse at Whitefish, had lost their land, and were living in a shanty in the woods.  His wife, Ann, wrote to government officials requesting assistance.  Officials replied to her letter stating that her husband had continued to be paid while he was sick, and was aware that there would be no compensation owed to him or his family after his death.  The original correspondence is available at the Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa.  I have a copy of it!

Lockmaster Sweeney was ordered to remove William’s wife, Ann Muchmore, from her home – the shanty in the woods.  Apparently she was very feisty, and, according the letter written by Lockmaster Sweeney to government officials –

I went yesterday and had Arthur Kenny with me. Saw Mrs Muchmore and demanded possession of the stable and gardens or any thing erected or placed upon ordnance property. She refused to give it saying she wanted no pay from the ordnance but should get pay from any man put there in charge of the place.

Kenny told me last Saturday she abused him for putting a little hay on the stable loft and said if she did not get pay for she would take it and fences away off the place.

This is where we get our fighting spirit!

 

 

Mary Ann German, 1851-1917 – Is the Brickwall Broken?

This month, instead of a story about an ancestor, my blog post will be a story about my research into my father’s father’s line.

When I first started researching my family history I thought – this will be easy; with a last name like “Ufford”, how can it be difficult?  Well, my father’s father’s line has been full of brickwalls, and I have not been able to get past my great great grandparents on any of my father’s father’s lines.

Recently, I think I had a breakthrough, using DNA!

Some history –

According to his marriage record, William Henry Ufford’s mother was Mary Ann German.  Research into Mary Ann found documentation for her death in 1917,  census records (1881, 1891, 1901, 1911), children by a second husband, John Pound, and burial in Catarqui Cemetery in Kingston.

Mary Ann’s death certificate was a bit of a puzzle, as the parents’ names listed on the record are the parents of the informant!  However, a birth place was listed for Mary Ann – Emily, Ontario.

Based on this, I found an 1851 census record listing a Mary Ann Jermain in Victoria County, Ontario.  I then created a “theoretical” family tree with Mary Ann as the home person.  The parents were listed as Thomas Jermain and Eliza both born in Ireland.

Each person listed in the 1851 census as part of Mary Ann’s family was added to the tree – parents, brothers, and sisters.

I found an 1861 census for the family, and added that information to the tree.

Then, I searched for birth, marriage and death certificates for everyone who was now in this tree.  Slowly the tree grew.  The death certificate for one child (Thomas) listed the maiden name for his mother as Elizabeth Bell.

At this point I was stymied, until I delved deeply into my DNA results.  I was able to eliminate DNA matches from my mother’s side of the family, and DNA results from my father’s mother’s side.  This left me with about eight matches that are likely from my father’s father’s side.

I reached out to every name on the list, and got one reply.  BUT, that person appears to related to a different brickwall on my father’s father’s side, and we have not been able to connect the dots.

Frustrated, I checked for public family trees.  One person had a tree with the name Elizabeth Bell!  Using that as a potential match I was able to find that Eliza German married Edward Dancy in 1863.  The marriage record for Eliza German stated she married Edward Dancy on Jan 12 1863, and her parents were Daniel and Jane Bell.

I have not been able to find documentation for the death of Thomas German (father of Mary Ann German), or a birth / baptismal record for Mary Ann proving her parentage.  However, using DNA evidence, I have made a significant crack in Mary Ann German’s brickwall, and am fairly confident in saying her parents were Thomas German and Elizabeth Bell, and Elizabeth Bell’s parents were Daniel and Jane Bell.

 

 

 

Marie Pontonnier 1643-1718 – Was Her First Marriage Cursed?

Marie Pontonnier (1643-1718) is one of Marc’s many Fille a Marier ancestors, and is one with a very interesting story.

Marie was born in 1643 in France, and came to New France as a Fille a Marier in 1656 at the age of 14.  (The Filles a Marier are an interesting and little known group of immigrants.  I try to keep these blog posts short, so I won’t be able to go into detail about them.  But, if you are a member of the Toronto Branch of OGS, stay tuned – in the Spring of 2019, Dawn and I will be doing a presentation on these brave young women!)

She was married in 1657 to Pierre Gadois in Montreal.  (Pierre was the first altar boy in Montreal, and his father, Pierre, is known as the first habitant of Montreal, receiving his land grant from Governor Maisonneuve in 1648).

Men outnumbered women by a considerable number in New France in the 1650s, and women had their choice of husband.   This created competition among the men, and some were not happy when they were not chosen.  Marie chose Pierre Gadois over another potential spouse, Rene Besnard.  Jilted, Rene swore he would have revenge, and proclaimed that no children would be born of this marriage, cursing the marriage by casting a spell using a knotted cord.  (There was a superstition at the time that if this spell was cast in church during the marriage ceremony, the husband and wife would have no children until the cord was unknotted.)

After one year of marriage – no children!  Marie and Pierre travelled to Quebec City to have their marriage blessed by Bishop Laval, in an attempt to ensure a child would be born.    Still, there were no children.

In November 1658 Rene Besnard was tried for witchcraft – the first witchcraft trial in New France.  Besnard faced the standard punishment for being a witch – burning at the stake while alive.   He vehemently denied he had cursed the couple, and, in fact, claimed that Marie had promised to sleep with him if he would break the spell.  Marie testified that Rene asked HER to sleep with HIM to break the curse!

Two other Fille a Marier testified that Rene had spoken to them about the curse.  Rene responded that he didn’t remember one conversation, and that he was joking in the second.

The court did not believe Rene, and he was imprisoned, and then banished to Trois Rivieres, upriver from Montreal.

After three years, Marie and Pierre still did not have any children, and their marriage was annulled on August 30 1660 “because of permanent impotence caused by an evil spell”.

In November 1660 Marie married Pierre Martin.  Sadly, shortly after this marriage a pregnant Marie became a widow when her husband was killed in an Iroquois skirmish.  Marie and Pierre Martin’s daughter was born in November 1661.

In December 1661, Marie married for the third time.  Honore Langlois dit Lachapelle and Marie went on to have ten children.

In 1665 Pierre remarried, and had fourteen children with his new wife, Jeanne Benard (so much for being impotent!)

Were Marie Pontonnier and Pierre Gadois cursed?  Stranger things have happened!

 

 

RESOURCES : Before the King’s Daughters: The Filles a Marier, 1634-1662 by Peter J Gagne.  Pawtucket, RI, Quintin Publications, 2002.

United Empire Loyalist – Edward Ryckman, 1767-1846

Edward Ryckman was born in Tappan, Orange County, New York, the fourth child of Johannes Ryckman and Susannah Brown.

The Ryckman family remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution, and father Johannes served as a private and guide with the King’s American Regiment.  He was captured by the Americans, and imprisoned at Fishkill Barracks for his loyalty.  As well, his property was confiscated by the American rebels – 4 acres of property, a stone house, a barn, 3 horses, and 9 wagon loads of leather Johannes had brought from Philadelphia..

The family was destitute, and escaped with many other refugee families, to Sorel, Quebec.  At Sorel, the family was issued standard refugee goods – blankets, shoes, stockings and leggings, and mitts. Johannes died shortly after arrival, leaving his widow and children to fend for themselves in a new country.

The family made a claim to the Commission for the Losses of American Loyalists, and received land in the township of Adolphustown and Sophiasburg on the Bay of Quinte, near present day Belleville.

Edward married Anna Warren  in 1790, and at the start of the War of 1812 they moved to West Flamborough (near present day Hamilton).  The family owned substantial property in the township, on Concession 3, lot 24.

Edward and Anna had five children, including my ancestor, Catherine, who married Solomon Washburn.

Edward died in 1846, and was buried with his wife in Rock Chapel cemetery, although only Edward’s grave stone survives. It reads “In Memory of Edward Ryckman who departed this life May 27, 1846 in the 83d year of his age.”

 

Danielle and I at Edward’s tombstone in 2009, after the dedication of  a plaque, honoring Rock Chapel Cemetery has the resting place of United Empire Loyalists

A British Soldier Fighting the American Rebels – William Morgan, 1752-1836

Whew!  The past two months have been full of discoveries on the Morgan line in my family tree.  In May, I connected with another researcher who has Morgan ancestors, and she was able to share a wealth of information with me – some information I had, some was new to me.  I am now busy working my way through the documentation she shared with me, and adding relatives to my tree.

Many of the Morgans have fascinating histories, but I will start with William Morgan, my first Morgan ancestor in Canada.

William Morgan was born in 1752 in Ireland.  In 1771 he enlisted with the 5th Irish Dragoons, and shortly thereafter the unit was sent to Canada to fight for the British in the American Revolution.  William arrived in Canada with his wife, Ann Wadsworth, and young son, McKenzie.

William fought under Lieutenant General John Burgoyne.  The unit saw action in many well known battles, including Fort Ticonderoga, Hubbardton,  Fort Anne,  Bennington, Freman’s Farm, Bemis’ Heights, and around Saratoga,  New York.   The British were defeated at the Battle of Bemis Heights in October 1777.  William was wounded and taken prisoner.  When he was released, William returned to Canada, serving with this regiment at Ile Aux Noix in Quebec, until the end of the war.  Three children were born at Ile Aux Noix.

William remained in Canada, and as a soldier in the war received a land grant.  He settled in Osnabruck, as a farmer, and had six more children.

William’s war time experience served him well, and during the War of 1812 he was in command of a company of the Stormont Militia.  In 1815 he was recommended for the medal of the Loyal and Patriotic Society for his conduct during the war.

In 1815, he was appointed as Justice of the Peace in Osnabruck.

William died in 1836.  The cemetery where he was buried was flooded when the St Lawrence Seaway was built, and his tombstone was moved to the Pioneer Cemetery near Upper Canada Village (Morrisburg) in  Ontario.

 

 

 

Founding Families of Ile D’Orleans

The Aboriginal people originally lived on Ile D’Orleans, calling it Minigo, the enchanted island.

In 1536 Jacques Cartier named it Orleans, in honour of the Duke of Orleans, son of King Francis I of France.

By 1642 the island was largely uninhabited.  In 1661 the first parish was established on the island, Ste Famille.  That year was also known as the year of terror as the Iroquois launched numerous attacks on Ile D’Orleans, Trois Rivieres, Montreal, Quebec City, and Tadoussac.

In 1669 the first church was constructed on the island at Ste Famille.  This was followed by churches in the parishes of St Jean (1675), St Pierre (1676), St Francois (1678) and St Laurent (1697).

In 1759 the island was evacuated as the English navy launched its attack on Quebec.  General Wolfe used the island as a military camp to keep watch on Quebec City and shipping along the St Lawrence River.

The only access to Ile D’Orleans was by ferry or boat in the summer, and ice bridge in the winter, until 1935 when the Taschereau Bridge was constructed.

Three hundred French families are recognized as founding families of Ile D’Orleans They came from the Normandy, Poitu and Perche regions of France.  Twelve of these families are Marc’s ancestors – Jean Allaire (1632-1672) and Perrine Therrien (1640-?), Joseph Bonneau Labecasse (1649-1701) and Marie Madeleine Duchene Lapierre (1666-1750), Jean Brochu (1640-1705) and Nicole Saulnier (1651-1714). Simon Chamberland (1642-1688) and Marie Madeleine Boileau Delagoupilliere (1649-1721, Etienne Contant (1635-1685) and Anne Laisne (1653-1725), Pierre Duchene Lapierre (1633-1697) and Marie Catherine Rivet Rive (1644-1723), Gabriel Gosselin (1624-1697) and Francoise Lelievre, (1636-1677), Francois Kemner Laflamme (1672-1728) and Marie Madeleine Chamberland (1685-1765), Francois Noel (1643-1725) and Nicole Legrand (1648-1713), Pierre Paradis (1604-1675) and Marie Barbe Guyon Dion (1617-1700), Antoine Pepin Lachance (1636-1703) and Marie Teste Felsque (1639-1701), Thomas Rondeau (1737-1721) and Andree Remondiere (1651-1702).

Memorial sculpture to the Founding Families of Ile D’Orleans, in Ste Famille. Below the sculpture is a plaque listing the names of the founding families.

 

History of Ile D’Oreleans – http://tourisme.iledorleans.com/en/ile-d-orleans/history-of-ile-d-orleans/  Accessed May 14, 2018

My Maxwell Immigrant Ancestor – Robert Maxwell 1796 – 1845

Robert Maxwell (1796-1845) is my Maxwell ancestor who immigrated to Canada, probably from Ireland.  Unfortunately, he immigrated before many written records, so much of what I know has been determined from records of his descendants.  There are also a number of assumptions, and theories.  This month I will piece together what I know, and what theories I have.

In order to put this together, I have worked backwards from Robert Maxwell (1829-1920) whose father I believe is Robert Maxwell (1796-1845), the immigrant.  Use the chart below to follow along!

Robert Maxwell’s (1829-1920) death record lists his father as William (!) Maxwell born in Ireland, and his mother as Margaret Stevens, born in Belfast.  This information was reported by Elizabeth Maxwell Burnash, and there is a note on the certificate to indicate she thinks the information is correct.  So, now I have a name for his mother (Margaret Stevens), and a name of William for his father.

The 1851 census for Frontenac lists Robert Maxwell (24) living with Margaret Maxwell (47) born in  Ireland, Rich (25), Eliza (20), John (17) and Joseph Maxwell (14).  This evidence supports the first name of Robert’s mother, and gives us a birth place of Ireland.  It also gives us 4 siblings for Robert (1829-1920).

The 1861 census shows Margaret Maxwell living with Joseph (21) and Thomas (29).  A new sibling – Thomas!

Death certificates for other known children of Robert (1796-1845) have not been found.  However, a tombstone for Margaret Maxwell has been located in Joyceville, Ontario in the Saint James Anglican Cemetery, and shows her husband’s name as Robert.  The tombstone has a death date for Robert of January 1845. I now have some evidence to support the claim that Margaret Maxwell was married to Robert Maxwell.  Which is correct – the tombstone, or the death certificate for Robert (1829-1920)? Since the tombstone was created closer to the death of Robert Maxwell (1796-1845), it is more likely to be correct.

With that information what else can we discover?  Robert (1829-1920) was born in Ontario, so Robert and Margaret came to Canada before that time.

The book, Men of Upper Canada : Militia Nominal Rolls, 1828-1829, lists a Robert Maxwell as a member of the Addington Militia; this is possibly my Robert (1796-1845)

The 1824 census for the Frontenac area shows a Robert Maxwell living with one adult female and two males under the age of 7.  If this is my Robert, he, his wife, and 2 sons arrived before 1824.   1824 is before the birth of Robert (1829-1920), and Rich (1828), so have I discovered two unknown sons?

In 1851 Robert Maxwell (1829-1920) buys lot 30, concession 6 for 100 pounds from William Maxwell.  Who is “William”?  Could it be an older brother?

Research on this William Maxwell shows he was born in 1819 in Ireland, and came to Canada at the age of 7 (from his obituary).  He appears in 1861 and 1871 census records in the Peterborough area.  In 1874 he immigrated to Michigan.   Interestingly, he had a son named William Evans Maxwell.  What makes this interesting, is that the maiden name of Margaret Maxwell (widow of Robert 1796-1845), could be Stevens, or Evans.

Is there any evidence from Robert’s siblings that help with the family relationships?

Richard (1828) appears in the 1861 and 1871 census with a wife Deborah, and eventually seven children.  Census evidence from the children shows that they immigrated to Michigan about 1881.  Could Richard have immigrated to Michigan to join his older brother William?

Elizabeth (1832) – no evidence for Elizabeth has been found after the 1852 census.  It is likely she married shortly after the census, and would no longer appear in the records as a Maxwell.

Thomas (1832) – After the 1861 census, a record for a Thomas Maxwell born in Canada is found in New York.  He is listed with a wife and two children. He appears again in the 1880 New York census.  The death certificate for his daughter Jennie (died 1932) lists the father’s birth place as Breroers – this could be a transcription error for Brewers, as in Brewers Mills.  (the original certificate is note available on line)

John (1835) – no evidence for John has been found after the 1852 census.

Joseph (1839) – no evidence for Joseph has been found after the 1861 census.

A lot of unknowns, but a lot of research possibilities exist.  Further research on land records might yield information.  Another possibility is church records.  On the census records, the family lists their religion as Church of England.  A search through the Anglican Archives in the Frontenac area might result in new discoveries, and confirmation, or disproval, of my theories.

Ahh… genealogy… detective work at its finest!

 

 

 

 

 

Civil War Soldier – Henry Galbraith 1845-1880

John Henry Galbraith was born about 1845 in St Lawrence County, New York.  His parents were (I believe) John Galbraith and Alice Toomath, both of whom were born in Ireland.

In 1861 John Henry enlisted with the 92nd New York Infantry as a private.  The regiment was organized at Potsdam under Col Jonah Sanford.

The first test of the 92nd New York infantry was at the siege of Yorktown fought from April 5 to May 4, 1862. The Union side initially pushed through the Confederate lines, but did not follow up on their victories.  A lengthy battle ensued, and the Confederate Army retreated towards Williamsburg.  The Battle of Williamsburg took place on May 5, 1862, and was seen as a victory by the North, however the Confederates were able to retreat to Richmond.

The Battle of Fair Oaks, also known as the Battle of Seven Pines, took place at the end of May 1862, and was the culmination of the Union’s offensive in the Virginia peninsula.  It was the largest battle at that time, and led to the appointment of Robert E Lee as commander of the Confederate Army.  Both sides claimed victory.   Union casualties were 5,031 (790 killed, 3,594 wounded, 647 captured or missing) and Confederate 6,134 (980 killed, 4,749 wounded, 405 captured or missing), making it the second largest and bloodiest battle of the war to date.

Among those missing on the Union side was John Henry.

At some point John Henry was reunited with his unit, as in 1864 at the Battle of Cold Harbour John Henry was wounded.   The Battle of Cold Harbour (May 31-June 12, 1864) is regarded as one of the most lopsided battles of the Civil War as thousands of Union soldiers under Ulysses S Grant were killed or wounded by the Confederates under Robert E Lee.

Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded during the first hour of the attack at Cold Harbor.

In January 1865 John Henry was discharged in Philadelphia.  The Civil War ended in April 1865.

About 1867 John Henry married Sarah Levere who was originally from Grenville County in Ontario.  By 1868 John Henry and Sarah were living in Macomb County, Michigan, where their 7 children were born.

In February 1870 John Henry started receiving an invalid pension from the Army, likely because of the wounds suffered at Cold Harbor.

John Henry died in 1880 at the age of 35 of consumption.  His youngest child was 2 years old.  His wife received a pension for some time, and returned to Ontario by 1891.

Resources

92nd New York Infantry Regiment Civil War – https://dmna.ny.gov/historic/reghist/civil/infantry/92ndInf/92ndInfMain.htm  Accessed March 9, 2018.

Seige of Yorktown – https://americancivilwar.com/statepic/va/va009.html  Accessed March 9, 2018

Battle of Seven Pines – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines Accessed March 9, 2018

Battle of Cold Harbor – http://civilwar.wikia.com/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor  Accessed March 9, 2018

10 Facts: Cold Harbor – https://www.civilwar.org/learn/articles/10-facts-cold-harbor  Accessed April 7, 2018